Judgement date set in hunter’s murder trial

The Namibian

Judgement date set in hunter’s murder trial

By: WERNER MENGES

THE five men who have been on trial in the High Court for the past month in connection with the murder of a professional hunter during an alleged poaching excursion in the Outjo area near the end of 2006 are set to get an idea of their fate at the start of December.

The last testimony in the trial of the five men was given before Judge Louis Muller on Thursday last week. State prosecutor Lourens Campher and defence lawyers Boris Isaacks and Lucia Hamutenya now have to file written arguments to be considered by Judge Muller, who has set December 1 as the date when he will be delivering his judgement in the trial.
The trial of Willem Peter (38), Gert Nuxabeb (25), his brother, Jafet Nuxabeb (21), John Khamuxab (20) and Johannes Heiki (67) started on September 17 when all five of them pleaded not guilty to charges of murder, stock theft, theft of a motor vehicle, the theft of a hunting rifle, ammunition and compact discs, defeating the course of justice, the altering, mutilating or cancelling of a registered livestock brand, and possession of a firearm and ammunition without a licence.
The person who was set to be the first accused in the trial, Immanuel Isako, was not in court for the start of the trial or thereafter. Isako (35) died in Police custody on May 21 this year.
The allegations against the five accused and Isako are that all of them, except for Heiki, were involved in the poaching of a heifer on a farm next to the main road between Outjo and Kamanjab during the night of December 6 to 7 2006.
The animal was shot by Isako, who was accompanied by Peter, the Nuxabeb brothers and Khamuxab when he went on the poaching trip that evening, the court heard during the trial.
The shot heifer had already been loaded onto the back of Isako’s bakkie when professional hunter Daniel van Vuuren arrived at the scene.
Van Vuuren confronted Isako about the animal, the court was told by two prosecution witnesses who were at the scene and also by the four charged men who were with Isako. After an exchange of words between Van Vuuren and Isako, Van Vuuren turned and was walking back to his bakkie when Isako fired a shot at him with the rifle with which he had earlier shot the heifer.
Van Vuuren was shot through his pelvis.
Isako then readied the gun to fire another shot, aiming the rifle at Van Vuuren’s head – but then the gun failed to go off, the Judge was told.
One of the eyewitnesses at the scene told the court that Isako, Jafet Nuxabeb and Khamuxab carried the wounded Van Vuuren off the road. Nuxabeb and Khamuxab denied this. The witness also claimed that he heard – but did not see – Van Vuuren being beaten where he had been taken into the grass next to the road.
Van Vuuren (43) was found dead at that spot the next morning.
In the meantime, Isako and company had transported the stolen heifer to the nearby farm where Isako was farming and Heiki was also living. There, Isako’s cattle brand was put on the skin of the slaughtered heifer and Heiki helped Isako to hide the skin, a rifle, ammunition and other items that Isako stole from Van Vuuren’s vehicle, it is alleged.
By December 8 2006, all six suspects had been arrested.
The court heard that two tubs of car exhaust repair putty that were found at the scene were crucial in putting the Police on the trail of Isako and his co-accused.
When Police officers investigating the case made enquiries at an Outjo garage about the exhaust putty, they were told that Isako and Peter had been at the garage on December 6 2005 and that they bought two tubs of that sort of putty.
The court also heard that the .308 rifle that Isako was accused of having used to kill Van Vuuren is registered in the name of Richardt Thomson (34), an Outjo resident who is awaiting his trial in the High Court on charges of robbing and murdering an 81-year-old man at Walvis Bay in early July 2005.
Thomson refused to give a statement to the Police on his firearm, Judge Muller heard.
Heiki is the only one of the remaining five accused to be free on bail.

The Namibian

3 accused of stealing three sable antelopes
By: WERNER MENGES

AN Otjiwarongo area farmer and two co-accused remain in custody after making a first court appearance yesterday on charges stemming from allegations that they stole three sable antelope from the Waterberg Plateau Park.
Farmer Hans Erno Diekmann (51), Herbert Wolfgang Henle (47) and Jurgen Richard Benz (35) appeared before Magistrate Stanley Tembwe in the Otjiwarongo Magistrate’s Court on charges of theft, hunting of protected game, and transporting game without a permit.
Their case was postponed to November 2, and it was ordered that they would remain in custody in the meantime.
According to the Regional Commander of the Namibian Police in the Otjozondjupa Region, Deputy Commissioner Joseph Anghuwo, the three men were arrested during the midnight hours between Friday and Saturday this past weekend.
Anghuwo said the Police had received information that they were planning to transport three sable antelope that had escaped from Waterberg Plateau Park.
Anghuwo said nature conservation officials helped set up a roadblock, but the arrests were made at Diekmann’s farm. He said the prized animals were found on the farm where they had been loaded onto a truck.
The three men are also alleged to have used a helicopter as part of the transport operation, Anghuwo said.

Poachers pose a threat to survival of the giant sable

By: ABSALOM SHIGWEDHA

Angola's giant sable antelope

POACHING is threatening Angola’s national symbol, the giant sable antelope, with extinction.

The antelope barely survived three decades of civil war, the head of the Giant Sable Conservation Project based at Cangandala National Park, Pedro Vaz Pinto, said recently.
Vaz Pinto, who last year made a presentation in Windhoek on the rediscovery of the Angolan giant sable, told Reuters this month that poaching since the war has cut the population of giant sables in the park by 50 per cent to one herd of 10 to 15 animals.
And Vaz Pinto fears that this very low number may not sustain even occasional poaching. He said poaching is now the greatest threat to an already dwindling population.
The Giant Sable Conservation Project is based at Cangandala National Park, while some animals were also found in the Luando Nature Reserve.
The project started in 2003 and uses remote cameras triggered by an infrared beam to search for the animals. Vaz Pinto said he has enlisted local shepherds who patrol for poachers and he plans to continue bringing in more manpower and technology to help track and conserve the animals.
He hopes 2009 will be a decisive year in the recovery of this national symbol.
Many people assumed that 27 years of civil war had wiped out the species because there had been no confirmed sighting since 1982.
Locally known as Palanca Negra, Angolans across the country view the antelope as a mystical, almost sacred creature and this helped it to protect it from poachers.
The striking curved horns of the adult male, which can grow up to 165 cm long, appear on the logo of the country’s airline (TAAG) and the national football team.

Thousands of villagers swamp game reserve

Thousands of villagers swamp game reserve - by Chrispin Inambao

9 November 2009

KATIMA MULILO – The Ministry of Environment and Tourism (MET) is brainstorming on how it could contain an influx of between 5 000 to 5 500 people, mostly Hambukushu tribesmen who have swamped the multiple land use areas of the Bwabwata National Park in Caprivi.

Concern about the influx of land-hungry people into pockets of land on the 627 412-hectare park was brought to light last Friday when various Government ministries held a stakeholders’ meeting that looked at Bwabwata and was briefed on the development of the planned Kavango-Zambezi Trans-Frontier Conservation Area (KAZA).

The trans-frontier conservation area will cover Angola, Botswana, Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe and is likely to be functional next year when five leaders sign the treaty.

Colgar Sikopo, a deputy director in the Directorate of Parks and Wildlife Management, last Friday confirmed the influx of thousands of villagers and livestock.

“It’s not really an influx but these people have been living there in the areas of Omega, Chetto and Bagani,” while at the same time acknowledging there is an urgent need to properly demarcate and rezone the park to restrict the uncontrolled movement of people.

He said the Technical Committee of the Bwabwata National Park is looking at different ways and means in which the communities living in the multiple land use areas could be engaged in the development of certain segments of the park as part of a black economic empowerment initiative of these communities, some of who have been wallowing in poverty.

MET wants the communities in the park to derive benefits through the Kyaramacan Association, that has for been granted a hunting concession that will be extended.

“We are looking at ways on how these communities living in the park could be involved in the development of the park, but most importantly in the benefits-sharing of the park,” said Sikopo.

Environmentalists and other stakeholders were informed there is a frequent mushrooming of new settlements in the Bwabwata and one villager even drove a herd of cattle into a core-conservation area in gross breach of existing conservation laws.

Sikopo said the Ministry of Environment and Tourism and other stakeholders such as the Ministry of Lands and Resettlement and are looking at ways to properly zone the park to curtail and reverse the influx.

“There is an urgent need to properly zone these areas. We are looking at a structured movement of these people into the park of people moving in the park. We are looking at ways to ensure that the park is developed properly. There is need to properly demarcate the multiple land use area,” stated Sikopo whose officials last Friday acknowledged the current influx into the park is one of the challenges facing the park.

He said MET will ensure the influx of both livestock and people would not spill into the core-conservation areas of Mahango, Buffalo and the Kwando core areas.

Sikopo further said the influx has caused an escalation in cases of human/animal conflict.

Last Friday’s stakeholders’ meeting was also informed that MET will need between N$3 million and N$5 million for a landmine clearance operation along the border between this park and Angola that emerged from a brutal conflict several years ago.

In the past many elephants were severely injured and had to be destroyed after stepping on these landmines that will have to be cleared by the explosives unit of the Namibian Police.

The other problems that were identified by participants include whether to rehabilitate an old military ruin found in the park that before independence was regarded as an area of strategic military importance by the South Africans as they battled Plan fighters.

Frequent fire outbreaks that are associated with communal activities were also mentioned as an area of environmental concern among the various participants, while the cut-lines demarcating the border with Angola are overgrown with grass and need de-bushing.

Bwabwata National Park, an area of 627 412 hectares, is zoned into the three conservation areas of Buffalo/Kwando (134 481 hectares), Buffalo Core Area (62 921 hectares) and the Mahango Core Area (24 479).
Bwabwata completely covers the former Caprivi Strip, a straight piece of land between the Kavango and Kwando Rivers.

The Trans-Caprivi Highway dissects Bwabwata in the middle from west to east. Currently environment officials and other stakeholder partners are trying to identify and assess a multitude of opportunities that could be exploited by residents for livelihood and economic development through a participatory park management plan.

Practical training course for hunting assistant

As published by The Namibian of 20/11/08 this succesfull training course hosted by Shona Hunting Adventures will be repeated on the 1st of Nov 09

THE Namibia Professional Hunting Association (NAPHA) held a practical training course for hunting assistant at the beginning of this month, the association announced this week in a statement.

Sixteen people attended the training course that was held from November 3 to 7 at Tualuka Safari Lodge near Kamanjab.

Topics included hygiene, personal appearance and etiquette, motivation, job descriptions for hunting professionals and hunting assistants, duties of a hunting assistant, trophy photography, meat processing, firearm handling and safety.

Course presenters were Johan Veldsman, CW Veldsman, LM du Plessis, TM Komihe and Protect Services.

Participants were presented with their certificates by Kunene Governor Dudu Murorwa.

The course was sponsored by Shona Hunting Adventures, Dallas Safari Club and Krieghoff Arms.

The killing fields

Selous: The killing fields

From This Day News
October 26, 2009



TANZANIA’S wildlife sanctuaries, particularly the world-famous Selous Game Reserve, have now been turned into vast killing fields where hundreds of elephants are being slaughtered for their ivory, it has been revealed.

There has been a fresh spike in elephant poaching in recent years, with some disgruntled game wardens either turning a blind eye to illegal hunting activities or themselves taking part in killing the same animals they were hired to protect.

”An average of 50 elephants are being killed in the Selous each month...and that is a conservative estimate,” an official working in the game park told THISDAY last week.

”Sometimes, authorities torch the carcasses of elephants that have been killed by poachers to conceal the truth about the extent of the problem,� he added.

Ironically, as the country buckles under this latest wave of elephant poaching, the Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism now wants the ban on ivory trade lifted.

Tanzania and Zambia have jointly petitioned the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) to further open up the trade by allowing them to sell off their ivory stocks.

The CITES ban on ivory trade was imposed some 20 years ago. Animal rights campaigners say the ban has been instrumental in allowing the elephant population in Tanzania to recover from the massive poaching of the 1980s.

Impeccable sources with many years of working experience in the Selous, which is Africa�s largest protected wildlife reserve, have confirmed that not less than 50 elephants are killed monthly by hardcore poachers in collaboration with ”an army of demoralized game scouts.”

”Poachers have colonized the Selous and the game scouts are aiding and abetting the killings,” said the sources who requested anonymity, saying poaching is a sensitive issue that sometimes involved powerful and dangerous syndicates.

The sources say the wildlife division in the Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism used to pay game scouts a working allowance of between 250,000/- and 300,000/- a month, but due to a razor-thin budget that allowance was suspended a couple of years ago.

Another source said he counted 60 carcases of the jumbos on roads within the Selous game reserve in the period between January and October this year.

�There is organized poaching masterminded by demoralized game scouts, which is more dangerous than the previous poaching of the 1980s,� said the sources, warning that if the government does not take urgent measures to arrest the trend, �we will have no elephants in two years to come�.

�The ministry (of Natural Resources and Tourism) is literally crippled and the anti-poaching unit is in the ICU (intensive care unit), because it has completely failed to control poaching,� said the sources.

They named Miguruwe (Kilwa district), Matambwe (Morogoro South), Liwale (Lindi region), Msola (Morogoro region), Ilonga (Mahenge), Kingupira (Utete), and Mtemere (Rufiji) as most affected sections within the Selous.

The sources said the game scouts used to patrol most parts of the game reserve on a weekly basis, but nowadays patrols may not be done for up to three months, allowing poachers to massacre the jumbos at will.

A source from the Kilwa open area situated adjacent to the Selous game reserve said he spotted 17 carcases of elephants between May and June this year.

�Kilwa was once renowned for its giant elephants. But you can hardly see those nowadays. They are gone. Elephant poaching is now a daily business,� said the source.

Abdallah Kanunga (49), chairman of the Magingo wildlife management area embracing nine villages situated in Selous game reserve buffer zones in Liwale district, said elephant poaching is no longer done secretly.

Other sources said the government should make anti-poaching a life-or-death matter otherwise �we will lose even the foreign exchange we are getting from foreign tourists because they will stop visiting Tanzania if there are no animals to see.�

The sources suggested the transfer of game scouts from their current work stations within the Selous game reserve, and recruitment of new scouts.

They also suggested the revival of Operation Uhai, which involved soldiers of the Tanzania People’s Defence Forces in fighting poaching in the 1980s.

The worst period of elephant poaching experienced in the country was probably 1977-87, when the elephant population dwindled from 184,000 to 55,000.

A joint crusade mounted by TPDF, the wildlife department, police and customs authorities resulted in the confiscation of more than 10,000 guns and at least 700 people prosecuted in connection with poaching activities in 1988 alone.

Tanzania is the leading country in illegally slaughtering and exporting of ivory in Africa, a new scientific research has revealed.

In March this year, authorities in Vietnam seized 6.3 tons of ivory originating from Tanzania, followed by another 2 tons, also coming from Tanzania, seized in August.

Between January and September, nearly 24 tons of ivory was confiscated worldwide. In the meantime, black-market prices for raw ivory continue to rocket, exceeding $1,000 a kilogramme, according to reports.

Contacted for comment, the current director of wildlife in the Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, Erasmus Tarimo, said the reports of elephant poaching in the Selous were exaggerated.

�A recent aerial count found 41 carcases of elephants. But 41 dead elephants is minimal compared to the total Selous elephant population of around 40,000,� he said, adding that some elephants had died of natural causes.

Tarimo said: �Our intention is to have zero poaching, but to maintain zero poaching is impossible. It is not easy to control poaching 100 per cent.�

He also acknowledged reports of demoralized game wardens participating in the poaching activities, saying: �It is very difficult to pin down those wardens involved in the malpractice.�

Tarimo called on people with information about game scouts involved in poaching to come forward and give such information to relevant authorities so that preventive action can be taken.

Contraceptives for jumbos shelved

Contraceptives for jumbos shelvedBy Vincent GonoTHE proposed use of contraceptives to control the ever-swelling elephant population in Zimbabwe's parks — has been permanently shelved after reports that the contraceptive injection arouses insatiable sexual appetites for the jumbos leading to rapid multiplication, Sunday News can reveal.Wildlife experts disclosed to Sunday News last week that the contraceptive injection was going to paradoxically increase the jumbo population in Zimbabwe to alarming levels — leading to overstretching of the available resources to feed them.In an interview last Thursday, the director general of the Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority, Dr Morris Mutsambiwa, said the use of the contraceptives to control the elephant population that was tried in South Africa proved unworkable in Zimbabwe after reports that the injection increased the elephants’ sexual appetite.Dr Mutsambiawa could not disclose the name of the contraceptive.“The idea was proposed and tried in South Africa to try and control the elephant population, but we decided to shelve it here after it was reported that the contraceptive injection actually increases the sexual appetite of the jumbos. They make them more sexually aggressive besides it being a very expensive exercise,’’ said Dr Mutsambiwa.He added that they were therefore left without an option, but to use curling as a control measure to control jumbos population in the country’s parks.Dr Mutsambiwa said Zimbabwe had an elephant population of more than 100 000, stressing out that the country had a maximum holding capacity of only 50 000.He said that there was little that they could do to control the elephants that he said were still increasing in population despite the curling exercise that they sometime do.Curling, however, is not recommended to endangered species such as the elephants, leaving the Government with limited options.Fears are however that the destructive nature of the animals to the environment and human life will increase since there is no other control mechanism that can be employed to control the jumbo population.The huge animals always leave a trail of destruction whenever they are allowed to roam freely and worse still if their number is left unchecked.Dr Mutsambiwa lamented the increase in the activities of poaching that he said were rampant in the parks that were strewn all over the country.He said it was unfortunate that some of the cases were committed by employees who had all the knowledge and with whom they invested all their trust adding that that made it difficult to control the problem.“It’s a sad situation we cannot conceal anymore. Poaching is an enemy of growth in the Parks and Wildlife Management Authority and we have three or four cases where our own employees engaged in poaching and the law has to take its course,’’ said Dr Mutsambiwa.He said a Masvingo businessman whose wife was doing her internship with the Parks was recently nabbed by the police after he was found engaging in poaching activities.He urged the communities to appreciate the value of the natural resources and to have a shared collective responsibility towards their preservation. He reiterated that the wildlife resources were not the sole responsibility of the Parks and Wildlife Management Authority to maintain but the responsibility of all the communities to look after.

Hunting trip goes badly wrong

http://www.namibian.com.na/new...ip-goes-badly-wrong/


Full Story
30.04.09
Hunting trip goes badly wrong
By: DENVER ISAACS

AN encounter with an aggressive leopard almost cost a South African hunter his life on Friday, when he was accidentally shot in the stomach with a hunting rifle.
Punki Swelinao (41) is being treated in the Intensive Care Unit of the Windhoek Central Hospital after a bullet accidentally fired by an American tourist reportedly grazed his appendix.
The incident happened at around 09h35 at the farm Fahlwater in the Karibib area.
The skirmish also resulted in injuries to seven hunting dogs that accompanied the party and fell foul of the leopard. Corne Kruger of Omujeve Safaris Namibia, the company that hosted the hunt, told The Namibian that this was unprecedented in his experience.
According to Kruger, the group of hunters, accompanied by the hounds and guides, found the leopard’s tracks early in the morning and set off on its trail.
However, while previous experience dictated that the dogs would chase the leopard up a tree, Kruger said this time things worked out differently.
Instead of fleeing, the leopard turned on the hounds before retreating into the tall grass and later surprising the group by pouncing on Swelinao, wrestling him to the ground.
One of the tourists on the trip, Brittany Boddington, apparently fired at the cat, but hit Swelinao in the abdomen instead.
The leopard was shot and killed immediately afterwards by one of the professional hunters accompanying them. A total of three shots were fired.
Swelinao was rushed to the State hospital at Okahandja, where he was said to have needed six litres of blood.
The incident was reported to the Okahandja Police and transferred to the Karibib Police station, which took statements from everyone involved.
The Police recorded a routine investigation of attempted murder charge but Boddington was not arrested, and has since returned to the US pending further investigation by the authorities.

Importation Of Firearms and Ammunition ,Namibia

Released by Napha

IMPORT OF FIREARMS AND AMMUNITION
After a long discussion involving SAA, various Airport Managers, security companies yesterday, the following has been agreed upon for the transportation of firearms and ammunition.
There is a new Airports Act that requires all luggage (domestic and international)to be screened. Here various airports are finding ammunition in checked bags that is not packed correctly. Therefore the passengers are being called back to unlock bags, causing delays to the departure of the aircraft and disgruntled passengers. The ammunition is taken out and sent out to the next destination in a plastic bag. This causes problems as passengers check their bags to the final destination on departure from say Port Elizabeth and passengers find themselves with ammunition and no where to put it, when they arrive in Johannesburg.
With immediate effect all firearms must be packed and transported in an approved firearm case.
(There are still people arriving and trying to depart with firearms in their checked luggage)
Ammunition must be packed in a lockable box with key and placed in the checked luggage.
Ammo found in checked luggage in a manufacturer’s box or just thrown in will be taken out and put into a plastic bag and sent to the next destination. It is then the responsibility of the passenger to get the ammo home, which he can't do if his luggage has been checked through to his home base.
There are two options here, either the passenger adheres to having the ammo put into a locked box. OR
They check bags to their departure airport collect bags and firearms, ammo in the plastic bag and then goes and rechecks onto the flight home.
We would like to thank Kowas Adventure Safaris for this contribution, it is highly appreciated it.

Rabies in Kudu - Namibia

NOTES ON KUDU AND RABIES

Spreading

The first confirmed outbreak of rabies in Africa, believed to have followed the importation of an infected dog from England in 1892, occurred in the eastern Cape Province of South Africa, and was brought under control in 1894.
An unconfirmed epidemic of rabies in dogs occurred in western Zambia in 1901. By the following year the disease had apparently spread along a major trade route, to cause an outbreak in Zimbabwe which engulfed most of the country before being eradicated in 1913.
The existence of endemic rabies of viverrids (mongooses and genets) was confirmed in South Africa in 1928, and since then the viverrid disease has continued to occur widely on the interior plateau of the country with spill-over of infection to cattle and a variety of other animals.
From about 1947 onwards, an invasive form of dog rabies spread from southern Zambia and/or Angola into Namibia, across northern and eastern Botswana into Zimbabwe and the northern Transvaal by 1950, entered Mozambique in 1952, and spread from there to Swaziland in 1954.
Dog rabies extended from southern Mozambique into Natal in 1961 to cause a major epidemic which was brought under control in 1968.
The disease re-entered northern Natal from Mozambique in 1976 and since then dog rabies has proved difficult to control in the peri-urban settlements of Natal-KwaZulu.
The disease spread from Natal to Lesotho in 1982, and into the Transkei region of the eastern Cape Province in 1987, to reach the Ciskei by 1990.
The spread of the disease in dogs was followed by the emergence of rabies of jackals and cattle in central Namibia, northern Botswana, Zimbabwe and the northern Transvaal.
A unique outbreak of rabies in kudu antelope occurred in central Namibia from 1977 to 1985, apparently involving oral spread of infection between individuals.
A few cases of rabies in the bat-eared fox were recognized each year in Namibia from 1967 onwards, and from the 1970s the occurrence of the disease in the fox has emerged as a distinct problem in the northern Cape Province and spread to the west coast. The rabies-related viruses, Lagos bat, Mokola and Duvenhage, associated with bats, shrews and rodents in Africa, are known to have caused isolated cases of disease in South Africa, and on one occasion a small outbreak involving six cats and a dog in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. (HNets Humanities & Social Sciences Online July 2007).

Namibia Professional Hunting Association (NAPHA) affiliated sources revealed the contagion was initially detected at a farm in the Wilhelmstal area before it spread north via farms at Omaruru, Otjiwarongo and then it spread eastwards and scattered southwards. (Africa Hunting, Safaris News, 2006).

“Namibia Professional Hunting Association sources revealed the contagion was initially detected at a farm in the Wilhelmstal area before it spread north, east, and scattered south. Cases have been reported at Omitara. From there it spread toward Botswana,” Inambao added. “Some farms around Windhoek have also reported cases of kudu frothing at the mouth and not being afraid of people.”(ANIMAL PEOPLE, June 2006).

There is a precedent for a rabies outbreak among Namibia kudu. Recalled three moderators of the International Society of Infectious Diseases’ ProMed electronic bulletin board, in a joint posting, “A unique outbreak of rabies in kudu began in central Namibia in 1977, apparently involving oral spread of infection between individuals. It peaked in 1980 and eventually subsided in 1985, by which time it had caused an estimated loss of 30,000 to 50,000 antelope, or 20% of the population.” But the report drew skepticism from rabies expert Henry Wilde, M.D., of the Queen Saov-abha Memorial Hospital in Bang-kok, Thailand. “Herbivore to herbivore transmission would be unlikely,” Wilde told ANIMAL PEOPLE, explaining that the Namibian climate would quickly kill any live rabies virus in dripping saliva from the victim animals. “The most likely explanation is that there is another epidemic disease that causes most of the kudu deaths, and/or that a small undetected biting mammal is the vector for the kudu rabies cases,” Wilde said. (ANIMAL PEOPLE, June 2006).

A team of British, Namibian, and South African researchers headed by Karen Mansfield of the World Health Organization reported in January 2006 that “37 rabies virus isolates…originating mainly from the northern and central regions of Namibia between 1980 and 2003… suggest that jackal and kudu may form part of the same epidemiological cycle of rabies,” with the predators apparently doing the actual disease transmission. (ANIMAL PEOPLE, June 2006). (Article Attached as word document).

Magnitude

One 12 000-hectare farm suffered game losses of 400 beasts over the past two years (Africa Hunting, Safaris News, 2006).

Sources are saying the present outbreak (2006) whose magnitude compares to the contagion that affected the game industry over a seven-year wave in Namibia lasting from 1975 to 1982, is being caused by kudu populations that have increased over the past several years (Africa Hunting, Safaris News, 2006).

In Namibia, the major rabies epidemic reported in greater kudu in 2002 (estimated 2,500 cases) continues to smoulder. During 2003, 23 kudu specimens submitted were positive on fluorescent antibody test. In addition, 22 cases were confirmed in black backed jackal (Canis mesomelas), 3 cases in honey badgers (Mellivora capensis), 2 cases in hyaena (Crocuta crocuta) and one each in cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus), suricate (Suricata suricata), Eland (Taurotragus oryx) and common duiker (Sylvicapra grimmea). (World Animal Health – 2003).

New Era was told kudus that have weakened immunity to rabies when compared to dogs and other animals get infected by eating affected vegetation, while the virus could also get into their bodies through lesions in their mouths caused by shrubs and thorns (Africa Hunting, Safaris News, 2006).

A thorough investigation into kudu characteristics revealed that the kudu population had increased disproportionally before the epizootic (1977 – 1988) in response to favorable conditions. The social behavior of the kudu, i.e., group browsing on acacia trees, whose thorns cause lesions in the kudu's oral cavity, as well as the excretion of relatively high titers of virus in the saliva of infected animals provide suitable conditions for transmission in the kudu population after initial infection through the jackal or other species. (Central Veterinary Laboratory, Windhoek, Namibia 1988)

The titres of rabies virus in the saliva of kudu are higher than those of the salivary glands. The high titres are an indication of active excretion and multiplication in tissues other than the salivary glands. Two out of 4 kudu died of rabies after experimental infection by the instillation of infected saliva onto their buccal and nasal mucosae. Mice and 2 cattle resisted a similar exposure. Kudu also developed antibodies against rabies after instillation of HEP Flury virus onto their nasal and buccal mucosae. Cattle did not react when they were treated in the same way. These results suggest a high susceptibility of kudu to rabies when the virus is applied to their mucous membranes. (Onderstepoort journal of veterinary research - Created 1983/09/09; Completed 1983/09/09; Revised 2003/11/14).

Symptoms

If the virus infects kudu with an incubation period varying from 21 to 365 days it tends to hang its head lower but the most important clinical characteristic of the preliminary phase is behavioural change during which the animal appears tame, salivates excessively, loses appetite, and urinates frequently. After this phase sick animals may either become aggressive or show signs of paralysis (Africa Hunting, Safaris News, 2006).

There was one strange case in which this beast had to be shot inside a house and one farmer who requested anonymity cited several cases of rabid kudu. (Africa Hunting, Safaris News, 2006).

Hunting Industry

Veterinarians Otto Zapke and Beate Voights in mid-May 2006 reportedly confirmed that a rare outbreak of rabies spreading from herbivore to herbivore during the past two years was responsible for the deaths of “thousands” of kudu in the Omaruru region of Namibia. (ANIMAL PEOPLE, June 2006).

About 5,000 hunters per year visit Namibia. (ANIMAL PEOPLE, June 2006).

With over 5 000 trophy hunters, the hunting industry directly generates N$100 million for the country each year and N$200 million is generated indirectly as secondary revenue. (Africa Hunting, Safaris News, 2006).

Dr Zapke said the Okahandja and Windhoek areas are showing more prevalence of rabies, while Dr Voights said there is a tendency among farmers not to report cases of the deadly viral disease that can affect all warm-blooded animals and has various known strains. (Africa Hunting, Safaris News, 2006)

Meat

The meat from the affected animals can be consumed provided the necessary precautions are taken (Africa Hunting, Safaris News, 2006).